vcd voiced nas nasal fnt front
vls voiceless orl oral cnt center
apr approximant bck back
blb bilabial vwl vowel
lbd labio-dental lat lateral unr unrounded
dnt dental ctl central rnd rounded
alv alveolar trl trill
rfx retroflex flp flap asp aspirated
pla palato-alveolar clk click unx unexploded
pal palatal ejc ejective syl syllabic
vel velar imp implosive mrm murmured
lbv labio-velar lng long
uvl uvular hgh high vzd velarized
phr pharyngeal smh semi-high lzd labialized
glt Glottal umd upper-mid pzd palatalized
mid mid rzd rhoticized
stp stop lmd lower-mid nzd nasalized
frc fricative low low fzd pharyngealized
Appendix B. Segment Symbols
----------------------------
This table lists the symbol, the associated feature set, and the
Unicode character code and name for the corresponding IPA character.
In some cases (e.g., /I/) there are multiple IPA characters in use for
the segment. I have listed both. In some cases (e.g. /j/), the IPA
symbol seems to be ambiguous (generally between an approximant and the
homorganic voiced fricative).
The entries marked with "??" are those that I am least sure of. When
I have listed more than one possibility for a symbol, the first is my
current preference.
a {low,cnt,unr,vwl} U+0061 LATIN SMALL LETTER A
b {vcd,blb,stp} U+0062 LATIN SMALL LETTER B
c {vls,pal,stp} U+0063 LATIN SMALL LETTER C
d {vcd,alv,stp} U+0064 LATIN SMALL LETTER D
e {umd,fnt,urd,vwl} U+0065 LATIN SMALL LETTER E
f {vls,lbd,frc} U+0066 LATIN SMALL LETTER F
g {vcd,vel,stp} U+0067 LATIN SMALL LETTER G
U+0261 LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G
h {glt,apr} U+0068 LATIN SMALL LETTER H
i {hgh,fnt,unr,vwl} U+0069 LATIN SMALL LETTER I
j {pal,apr}/{vcd,pal,frc} U+006A LATIN SMALL LETTER J
k {vls,vel,stp} U+006B LATIN SMALL LETTER K
l {vcd,alv,lat} U+006C LATIN SMALL LETTER L
m {blb,nas} U+006D LATIN SMALL LETTER M
n {alv,nas} U+006E LATIN SMALL LETTER N
o {umd,bck,rnd,vwl} U+006F LATIN SMALL LETTER O
p {vls,blb,stp} U+0070 LATIN SMALL LETTER P
q {vls,uvl,stp} U+0071 LATIN SMALL LETTER Q
r {alv,apr} U+0279 LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R
s {vls,alv,frc} U+0073 LATIN SMALL LETTER S
t {vls,alv,stp} U+0074 LATIN SMALL LETTER T
u {hgh,bck,rnd,vwl} U+0075 LATIN SMALL LETTER U
v {vcd,lbd,frc} U+0076 LATIN SMALL LETTER V
w {lbv,apr}/{vcd,lbv,frc} U+0077 LATIN SMALL LETTER W
x {vls,vel,frc} U+0078 LATIN SMALL LETTER X
y {hgh,fnt,rnd,vwl} U+0079 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y
z {vcd,alv,frc} U+007A LATIN SMALL LETTER Z
A {low,bck,unr,vwl} U+0251 LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT A
B {vcd,blb,frc} U+03B2 GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA
C {vls,pal,frc} U+00E7 LATIN SMALL LETTER C CEDILLA
D {vcd,dnt,frc} U+00F0 LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH
E {lmd,fnt,unr,vwl} U+025B LATIN SMALL LETTER EPSILON
F -- Unused --
G {vcd,uvl,stp} U+0262 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G
H {vls,phr,frc} U+0127 LATIN SMALL LETTER H BAR
I {smh,fnt,unr,vwl} U+026A LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL I
U+0269 LATIN SMALL LETTER IOTA
J {vcd,pal,stp} U+025F LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J BAR
K -- Unused --
L {vcd,vel,lat} ?? U+026B LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE TILDE
U+029F LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL L
{vls,alv,lat,frc} ?? U+026C LATIN SMALL LETTER L BELT
M {lbd,nas} U+0271 LATIN SMALL LETTER M HOOK
N {vel,nas} U+014B LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG
O {lmd,bck,rnd,vwl} U+0254 LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O
P {vls,blb,frc} U+03A6 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI
Q {vcd,vel,frc} U+0263 LATIN SMALL LETTER GAMMA
R {mid,cnt,rzd,vwl} ?? U+025A LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA HOOK
{alv,trl} ?? U+0280 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R
S {vls,pla,frc} U+0283 LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH
T {vls,dnt,frc} U+03B8 GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA
U {smh,bck,rnd,vwl} U+028A LATIN SMALL LETTER UPSILON
U+0277 LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED OMEGA
V {lmd,bck,unr,vwl} U+028C LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED V
W {lmd,fnt,rnd,vwl} ?? U+0153 LATIN SMALL LETTER O E
X {vls,uvl,frc} U+03C7 GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI
Y {umd,fnt,rnd,vwl} ?? U+00F8 LATIN SMALL LETTER O SLASH
{lmd,fnt,rnd,vwl} ?? U+0153 LATIN SMALL LETTER O E
Z {vcd,pla,frc} U+0292 LATIN SMALL LETTER YOGH
? {glt,stp} U+0294 LATIN SMALL LETTER GLOTTAL STOP
[AT SYMBOL GOES HERE] {mid,cnt,unr,vwl} U+0259 LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA
& {low,fnt,unr,vwl} U+00E6 LATIN SMALL LETTER A E
* {vcd,alv,flp} U+027E LATIN SMALL LETTER FISHHOOK R
% -- Ad Hoc Segment --
$ -- Ad Hoc Segment --
Appendix C. Diacritics
-----------------------
~ Vowels: {nzd} U+0303 NON-SPACING TILDE
Consonants: {vzd} U+0334 NON-SPACING TILDE OVERLAY
: {lng} U+02D0 MODIFIER LETTER TRIANGULAR COLON
- Vowels: {unr} -- No equivalent --
Consonants: {syl} U+0329 NON-SPACING VERTICAL LINE BELOW
! {clk} -- No equivalent --
. Vowels: {rnd} -- No equivalent --
Consonants: {rfx} U+0322 NON-SPACING RETROFLEX HOOK BELOW
U+0323 NON-SPACING DOT BELOW
` Voicless: {ejc} U+02BC MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE
Voiced: {imp} -- No equivalent --
[ {dnt} U+032A NON-SPACING BRIDGE BELOW
; {pzd} U+02B2 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL J
U+0321 NON-SPACING PALATALIZED HOOK BELOW
" Vowels: {cnt} -- No equivalent --
Consonants: {uvl} -- No equivalent --
^ {pal} -- No equivalent --
+ -- Add Hoc Diacritic --
= -- Add Hoc Diacritic --
H {fzd} U+0334 NON-SPACING TILDE OVERLAY
h {asp} U+02B0 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL H
o {unx} ?? U+02DA SPACING RING ABOVE
{vls} ?? U+0325 NON-SPACING RING BELOW
r {rzd} U+02B3 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL R
w {lzd} U+02B7 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL W
U+032B NON-SPACING INVERTED DOUBLE ARCH BELOW
? {mrm} U+02B1 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL H HOOK
U+0324 NON-SPACING DOUBLE DOT BELOW
Appendix D. Segment Table
--------------------------
blb-- -lbd-- --dnt-- --alv-- -rfx- -pla-- --pal--- --vel-- -----uvl-----
nas m M n[ n n. n^ N n"
stp p b t[ d[ t d t. d. c J k g q G
frc F V f v T D s z s. z. S Z C C vcd x Q X g"
apr r lbd r[ r r. j j vel g"
lat l[ l l. l^ L
trl b trl r trl r"
flp * *.
ejc p` t[` t` c` k'
imp b` d` d` J` g` q` G`
clk p! t! c! c! k!
---- lbv ---- --phr-- ---glt---
nas n lbv alv lat frc: s lat z lat
stp t lbv d lbv ? lat flp: * lat
frc w vls w H H vcd h ? lat clk: l!
apr w h
----- unr ----- unr ----- rnd -----
fnt cnt bck cnt fnt cnt bck
rzd
hgh i i" u- y u" u
smh I I. U
umd e [AT SYMBOL GOES HERE] umd o- R umd Y o
mid [AT SYMBOL GOES HERE] R [AT SYMBOL GOES HERE].
lmd E V" V W O" O
low & a A &. a. A.
Appendix E. Segment List
-------------------------
Where a segment requires more than one character to represent, and
there is a single IPA character, the Unicode code and name is noted.
If I couldn't find an IPA symbol for a segment, I left it out.
{blb,nas} /m/
{vls,blb,stp} /p/
{vcd,blb,stp} /b/
{vls,blb,frc} /F/
{vcd,blb,frc} /V/
{blb,trl} /b trl / U+0299 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL B
{blb,imp} /b`/ U+0253 LATIN SMALL LETTER B HOOK
{blb,ejc} /p`/
{blb,clk} /p!/ U+0298 LATIN LETTER BULSEYE
{lbd,nas} /M/
{vls,lbd,frc} /f/
{vcd,lbd,frc} /v/
{lbd,apr} /r lbd / U+028B LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT V
{dnt,nas} /n[/
{vls,dnt,stp} /t[/
{vcd,dnt,stp} /d[/
{vls,dnt,frc} /T/
{vcd,dnt,frc} /D/
{dnt,apr} /r[/
{dnt,lat} /l[/
{dnt,imp} /d`/ (same as {alv,imp})
{dnt,ejc} /t[`/
{dnt,clk} /t!/ U+0287 LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T
(by rights this should be alveolar, but the alveolar
and palatal clicks use the same symbol (/c!/))
{alv,nas} /n/
{vls,alv,stp} /t/
{vcd,alv,stp} /d/
{vls,alv,frc} /s/
{vcd,alv,frc} /z/
{alv,apr} /r/
{alv,lat} /l/
{alv,trl} /r trl / U+0072 LATIN SMALL LETTER R
(perhaps /R/)
{alv,flp} /*/
{vls,alv,lat,frc} /s lat / U+026C LAIN SMALL LETTER L BELT
{vcd,alv,lat,frc} /z lat / U+026E LATIN SMALL LETTER L YOGH
{alv,imp} /d`/ U+0257 LATIN SMALL LETTER D HOOK
{alv,ejc} /t`/
{alv,clk} /c!/ (same as {pal,clk})
{rfx,nas} /n./ U+0273 LATIN SMALL LETTER N RETROFLEX HOOK
{vls,rfx,stp} /t./ U+0288 LATIN SMALL LETTER T RETROFLEX HOOK
{vcd,rfx,stp} /d./ U+0256 LATIN SMALL LETTER D RETROFLEX HOOK
{vls,rfx,frc} /s./ U+0282 LATIN SMALL LETTER S HOOK
{vcd,rfx,frc} /z./ U+0290 LATIN SMALL LETTER Z RETROFLEX HOOK
{rfx,apr} /r./ U+027B LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R HOOK
{rfx,lat} /l./ U+026D LATIN SMALL LETTER L RETROFLEX HOOK
{rfx,flp} /*./ U+027D LATIN SMALL LETTER R HOOK
{vls,pla,frc} /S/
{vcd,pla,frc} /Z/
{pal,nas} /n^/
{vls,pal,stp} /c/
{vcd,pal,stp} /J/
{vls,pal,frc} /C/
{vcd,pal,frc} /C vcd / U+029D LATIN SMALL LETTER CROSSED-TAIL J
(perhaps /j/ (same as {pal,apr}))
{pal,apr} /j/
{rnd,pal,apr} /j rnd / U+0265 LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H
{pal,lat} /l^/ U+028E LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED Y
{pal,imp} /J`/ U+0284 LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J BAR HOOK
{pal,clk} /c!/ U+0297 LATIN LETTER STRETCHED C
{vel,nas} /N/
{vls,vel,stp} /k/
{vcd,vel,stp} /g/
{vls,vel,frc} /x/
{vcd,vel,frc} /Q/
{vel,apr} /j vel / U+0270 LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED M WITH LONG
LEG
{vel,lat} /L/
{vel,imp} /g`/ U+0260 LATIN SMALL LETTER G HOOK
{vel,ejc} /k'/
{vel,clk} /k!/ U+029E LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K
{lbv,nas} /n lbv / Written as "ng" with tie above
{vls,lbv,stp} /t lbv / Written as "kp" with tie above
{vcd,lbv,stp} /d lbv / Written as "gb" with tie above
{vls,lbv,frc} /w vls / U+028D LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED W
{vcd,lbv,frc} /w/ (same as {lbv,apr})
{lbv,apr} /w/
{uvl,nas} /n"/ U+0274 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL N
{vls,uvl,stp} /q/
{vcd,uvl,stp} /G/
{vls,uvl,frc} /X/ U+03C7 GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI
{vcd,uvl,frc} /g"/ (same as {uvl,apr})
{uvl,apr} /g"/ U+0281 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL INVERTED R
{uvl,trl} /r"/ U+0280 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R
{vls,uvl,imp} /q`/ U+02A0 LATIN SMALL LETTER Q HOOK
{vcd,uvl,imp} /G`/ U+029B LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G HOOK
{vls,phr,frc} /H/
{vcd,phr,frc} /H vcd / U+0295 LATIN LETTER REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP
{glt,stp} /?/
{glt,apr} /h/
{mrm,glt,frc} /h ? / U+0266 LATIN SMALL LETTER H HOOK
{vcd,lat,flp} /* lat / U+027A LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R WITH LONG
LEG
{lat,clk} /l!/ U+0296 LATIN LETTER INVERTED GLOTTAL STOP
{hgh,fnt,unr,vwl} /i/
{hgh,fnt,rnd,vwl} /y/
{smh,fnt,unr,vwl} /I/
{smh,fnt,rnd,vwl} /I./ U+028F LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL Y
{umd,fnt,unr,vwl} /e/
{umd,fnt,rnd,vwl} /Y/
{lmd,fnt,unr,vwl} /E/
{lmd,fnt,rnd,vwl} /W/
{low,fnt,unr,vwl} /&/
{low,fnt,rnd,vwl} /&./ U+0276 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL O E
{hgh,cnt,unr,vwl} /i"/ U+0268 LATIN SMALL LETTER BARRED I
{hgh,cnt,rnd,vwl} /u"/ U+0289 LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR
{umd,cnt,unr,vwl} /[AT SYMBOL GOES HERE] umd / U+0258 LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED E
{umd,cnt,unr,rzd,vwl} /R umd / U+025D LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED EPSILON
HOOK
{mid,cnt,unr,vwl} /[AT SYMBOL GOES HERE]/
{mid,cnt,unr,rzd,vwl} /R/
{mid,cnt,rnd,vwl} /[AT SYMBOL GOES HERE]./ U+0275 LATIN SMALL LETTER BARRED O
{lmd,cnt,unr,vwl} /V"/ U+025C LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED EPSILON
{lmd,cnt,rnd,vwl} /O"/ U+025E LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED REVERSED
EPSILON
{low,cnt,unr,vwl} /a/ U+0061 LATIN SMALL LETTER A
{hgh,bck,unr,vwl} /u-/ U+026F LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED M
{hgh,bck,rnd,vwl} /u/
{umd,bck,unr,vwl} /o-/ U+0264 LATIN SMALL LETTER BABY GAMMA
{umd,bck,rnd,vwl} /o/
{lmd,bck,unr,vwl} /V/
{lmd,bck,rnd,vwl} /O/
{low,bck,unr,vwl} /A/
{low,bck,rnd,vwl} /A./ U+0252 LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED SCRIPT A
Appendix F. ASCII Table
------------------------
In the following table, the following abbreviations are used:
P: punctuation
S: segment
D: diacritic
D : diacritic that must be delimited
sp P: Separate words and segments Q S: {vcd,vel,frc}
! D: {clk} R S: {mid,cnt,rzd,vwl}
" D Vowel: {cnt} S S: {vls,pla,frc}
Cons: {uvl} T S: {vls,dnt,frc}
# Unused U S: {smh,bck,rnd,vwl}
$ S: Ad Hoc V S: {lmd,bck,unr,vwl}
% S: Ad Hoc W S: {lmd,fnt,rnd,vwl}
& S: {low,fnt,unr,vwl} X S: {vls,uvl,frc}
' P: Primary stress Y S: {umd,fnt,rnd,vwl}
( Unused Z S: {vcd,pla,frc}
) Unused [ P: Phonetic delimiter
* S: {vcd,lav,flp} D: {dnt}
+ D: Ad Hoc \ Unused
, P: Secondary stress ] P: Phonetic delimiter
- D: Vowel: {unr} ^ D: {pal}
Cons: {syl} _ Unused
. D: Vowel: {rnd} ` D Voiced: {imp}
Cons: {rfx} Voiceless: {ejc}
/ P: Phonemic delimiter a S: {low,cnt,unr,vwl}
0 Unused b S: {vcd,blb,stp}
1 P: Tone 1 c S: {vls,pal,stp}
2 P: Tone 2 d S: {vcd,alv,stp}
3 P: Tone 3 e S: {umd,fnt,urd,vwl}
4 P: Tone 4 f S: {vls,lbd,frc}
5 Unused g S: {vcd,vel,stp}
6 Unused h S: {glt,apr}
7 Unused D : {asp}
8 Unused i S: {hgh,fnt,unr,vwl}
9 Unused j S: {pal,apr}/{vcd,pal,frc}
: D: {lng} D : {pzd}
; D: {pzd} k S: {vls,vel,stp}
P: Diacritic delimiter l S: {vcd,alv,lat}
= D: Ad Hoc m S: {blb,nas}
P: Diacritic delimiter n S: {alv,nas}
? S: {glt,stp} o S: {umd,bck,rnd,vwl}
D : {mrm}
[AT SYMBOL GOES HERE] S: {mid,cnt,unr,vwl} D : {unx}
A S: {low,bck,unr,vwl} p S: {vls,blb,stp}
B S: {vcd,blb,frc} q S: {vls,uvl,stp}
C S: {vls,pal,frc} r S: {alv,apr}
D S: {vcd,dnt,frc} D : {rzd}
E S: {lmd,fnt,unr,vwl} s S: {vls,alv,frc}
F Unused t S: {vls,alv,stp}
G S: {vcd,uvl,stp} u S: {hgh,bck,rnd,vwl}
H S: {vls,phr,frc} v S: {vcd,lbd,frc}
D : {fzd} w S: {lbv,apr}/{vcd,lbv,frc}
I S: {smh,fnt,unr,vwl} D : {lzd}
J S: {vcd,pal,stp} x S: {vls,vel,frc}
K Unused y S: {hgh,fnt,rnd,vwl}
L S: {vcd,vel,lat} z S: {vcd,alv,frc}
M S: {lbd,nas} { P: Feature set delimiter
N S: {vel,nas} | Unused
O S: {lmd,bck,rnd,vwl} } P: Feature set delimiter
P S: {vls,blb,frc} ~ D: Cons: {vzd}
Vowel: {nzd}
--
Georgy
----------------------------------