Date:  Mon, 13 Jan 1997 03:57:38 -1000
From:  Norman Roberts <nroberts[AT SYMBOL GOES HERE]HAWAII.EDU>
Subject: Re: IPA to Internet?

>Does anybody know where I can find an IPA to <Internet> legend?
>
Here is one I downloaded some time ago. It's rather long so I hope your
mail server accepts it.


sci.lang #38113 (11 more)                         [1]
From: Georgy Pruss <georgy[AT SYMBOL GOES HERE]zs.kiev.ua>
[1] Repost: FAQ: Representing IPA Phonetics in ASCII
Date: Wed May 10 10:22:59 HST 1995
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Some people asked me to re-send it. Here you are.

>Newsgroups: sci.lang,alt.usage.english
>From: evan[AT SYMBOL GOES HERE]hplerk.hpl.hp.com (Evan Kirshenbaum)
>Subject: FAQ: Representing IPA Phonetics in ASCII
>Sender: news[AT SYMBOL GOES HERE]hplabsz.hpl.hp.com (News Subsystem (Rigel))
>Message-ID: <D25JCv.DzA[AT SYMBOL GOES HERE]hplabsz.hpl.hp.com>
>Date: Mon, 9 Jan 1995 18:58:07 GMT
>Reply-To: kirshenbaum[AT SYMBOL GOES HERE]hpl.hp.com
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>Organization: Hewlett-Packard Laboratories
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>Xref: lyra.csx.cam.ac.uk sci.lang:16066 alt.usage.english:38835
>
>[Last Modified, 4 Jan 1993]
>
>This article describes a standard scheme for representing IPA
>transcriptions in ASCII for use in Usenet articles and email. The
>following guidelines were kept in mind:
>
>    o It should be usable for both phonemic and narrow phonetic
>     transcription.
>
>    o It should be possible to represent *all* symbols and
>     diacritics in the IPA.
>
>    o The previous guideline notwithstanding, it is expected that
>     (as in the past) most use will be in transcribing English,
>     so where tradeoffs are necessary, decisions should be made
>     in favor of ease of representation of phonemes which are
>     common in English.
>
>    o The representation should be readable.
>
>    o It should be possible to mechanically translate from the
>     representation to a character set which includes IPA. The
>     reverse would also be nice.
>
>In order to be able to represent a wide range of segments while making
>common segments easy to type, we allow more than one representation
>for a given segment. Each segment has an "explicit" representation,
>which is a set of features between curly braces ("{" and "}"). Each
>feature is represented as a three letter abbreviation taken from a
>standardized set. The phoneme /b/ (a voiced, bilabial stop) could be
>represented as /{vcd,blb,stp}/. A first cut at the feature set
>appears in appendix A below.
>
>The word "tag" could thus be represented phonemically as
>    /{vls,alv,stp}{low,fnt,unr,vwl}{vcd,vel,stp}/
>and phonetically as
>    [{vls,asp,alv,stp}{low,fnt,lng,unr,vwl}{unx,vcd,vel,stp}]
>
>This works, but it's a bit of a pain. To simplify transcription, we
>allow an "implicit" representation for a segment which consists of a
>(generally alphabetic) symbol followed by diacritics. Thus /b/ stands
>for /{vcd,blb,stp}/. Case is significant (/n/ and /N/ are different
>segments). The segment symbols are given in appendix B below.
>
>The word "tag" can thus be represented phonemically as
>    /t&g/
>
>The diacritics for a segment are represented between angle brackets
>("<" and ">") and consist of symbols or features. (In the common case
>where the diacritic symbol is a single character which does not encode
>a segment, the brackets may be removed.) The features which the
>diacritics map to override those of the segment.
>
>The word "tag" thus becomes narrowly
>    [t<asp>&<lng>g<unx>]
>or
>    [t<h>&<:>g<o>]
>or
>    [t<h>&:g<o>]
>
>Some diacritic symbols encode more than one feature set. Which one is
>meant should be apparent from context. For example, "." stands for
>"{rnd}" when attached to a vowel, but "{rfx}" when attached to a
>consonant.
>
>Clicks are common to many languages (especially in Africa), but there
>is no IPA diacritic that means "click". Rather than use up several
>characters for clicks (which are infrequent in the languages most
>often discussed), we instead use the diacritic "!" after the
>homorganic unvoiced stop. Thus /t!/ (= /t<clk>/ = /{alv,clk}/) is the
>sound commonly written "tsk" and used in English to show disapproval.
>
>The complete set of diacritic symbols appears in appendix C below.
>Appendices D and E contain representations of segments more or less
>ordered by feature (appendix D in tabular form, appendix E as a list).
>Appendix F contains a list of all of the ASCII characters and the uses
>they have been pressed to.
>
>For transcription of any specific language a group can by convention
>alter the character mappings (as an example, for Spanish /R/ may be
>better used to represent /{alv,trl}/ than /{mid,cnt,rzd,vwl}/). An
>author may also press a little used symbol (for the language under
>consideration) into service to highlight a distinction. Such an
>alteration should be made explicitly to avoid confusion.
>
>The diacritics "+" and "=" and the segment symbols "$" and "%" are
>explicitly left unspecified so that they can be used to mark
>language-specific features (that are otherwise cumbersome to mark).
>Such symbols can be assigned either by convention for a specific
>language or in an ad-hoc manner by an individual author.
>
>Stress marks are prepended to the syllable they attach to. "'"
>signals primary stress, "," signals secondary stress. Spaces should
>be employed to separate words (cliticized words may be written
>unseparated). When discussing single words, it may be helpful to
>insert a space before each syllable that doesn't carry a
>suprasegmental marker.
>
>The "I hear the secretary" for an American might be something like
>    /aI hir D[AT SYMBOL GOES HERE] 'sEkrI,t&ri/
>while to an Englishman it might be more like
>    /aI hi[AT SYMBOL GOES HERE] DI 'sEkr^tri/
>
>Transcribing tone is harder. Here's an attempt. For register tone
>languages (e.g., Hausa, Navajo), numbers should be used with one being
>the lowest. Thus in Navajo, "1" is low tone and "2" is high. In
>Yoruba "1" is low, "2" is mid, and "3" is high. The language's
>"default" tone need not be specified. For contour tone languages
>(e.g., Mandarin, Thai), there is generally a numeric system in place
>(Mandarin: "1" is high, "2" is rising, "3" is falling rising, "4" is
>falling). The tone indication should follow the syllable (vowel?).
>
>The symbol "#" is used to represent a syllable or word boundary.
>
>Appendix A. Feature Abbreviations
>----------------------------------
>
>vcd   voiced       nas   nasal      fnt   front
>vls   voiceless      orl   oral       cnt   center
>              apr   approximant   bck   back
>blb   bilabial      vwl   vowel
>lbd   labio-dental    lat   lateral     unr   unrounded
>dnt   dental       ctl   central     rnd   rounded
>alv   alveolar      trl   trill
>rfx   retroflex      flp   flap       asp   aspirated
>pla   palato-alveolar   clk   click      unx   unexploded
>pal   palatal       ejc   ejective     syl   syllabic
>vel   velar        imp   implosive    mrm   murmured
>lbv   labio-velar                 lng   long
>uvl   uvular       hgh   high       vzd   velarized
>phr   pharyngeal     smh   semi-high    lzd   labialized
>glt   Glottal       umd   upper-mid    pzd   palatalized
>              mid   mid       rzd   rhoticized
>stp   stop        lmd   lower-mid    nzd   nasalized
>frc   fricative      low   low       fzd   pharyngealized
>
>
>Appendix B. Segment Symbols
>----------------------------
>
>This table lists the symbol, the associated feature set, and the
>Unicode character code and name for the corresponding IPA character.
>In some cases (e.g., /I/) there are multiple IPA characters in use for
>the segment. I have listed both. In some cases (e.g. /j/), the IPA
>symbol seems to be ambiguous (generally between an approximant and the
>homorganic voiced fricative).
>
>The entries marked with "??" are those that I am least sure of. When
>I have listed more than one possibility for a symbol, the first is my
>current preference.
>
>a {low,cnt,unr,vwl}   U+0061 LATIN SMALL LETTER A
>b {vcd,blb,stp}     U+0062 LATIN SMALL LETTER B
>c {vls,pal,stp}     U+0063 LATIN SMALL LETTER C
>d {vcd,alv,stp}     U+0064 LATIN SMALL LETTER D
>e {umd,fnt,urd,vwl}   U+0065 LATIN SMALL LETTER E
>f {vls,lbd,frc}     U+0066 LATIN SMALL LETTER F
>g {vcd,vel,stp}     U+0067 LATIN SMALL LETTER G
>            U+0261 LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G
>h {glt,apr}       U+0068 LATIN SMALL LETTER H
>i {hgh,fnt,unr,vwl}   U+0069 LATIN SMALL LETTER I
>j {pal,apr}/{vcd,pal,frc} U+006A LATIN SMALL LETTER J
>k {vls,vel,stp}     U+006B LATIN SMALL LETTER K
>l {vcd,alv,lat}     U+006C LATIN SMALL LETTER L
>m {blb,nas}       U+006D LATIN SMALL LETTER M
>n {alv,nas}       U+006E LATIN SMALL LETTER N
>o {umd,bck,rnd,vwl}   U+006F LATIN SMALL LETTER O
>p {vls,blb,stp}     U+0070 LATIN SMALL LETTER P
>q {vls,uvl,stp}     U+0071 LATIN SMALL LETTER Q
>r {alv,apr}       U+0279 LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R
>s {vls,alv,frc}     U+0073 LATIN SMALL LETTER S
>t {vls,alv,stp}     U+0074 LATIN SMALL LETTER T
>u {hgh,bck,rnd,vwl}   U+0075 LATIN SMALL LETTER U
>v {vcd,lbd,frc}     U+0076 LATIN SMALL LETTER V
>w {lbv,apr}/{vcd,lbv,frc} U+0077 LATIN SMALL LETTER W
>x {vls,vel,frc}     U+0078 LATIN SMALL LETTER X
>y {hgh,fnt,rnd,vwl}   U+0079 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y
>z {vcd,alv,frc}     U+007A LATIN SMALL LETTER Z
>
>A {low,bck,unr,vwl}   U+0251 LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT A
>B {vcd,blb,frc}     U+03B2 GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA
>C {vls,pal,frc}     U+00E7 LATIN SMALL LETTER C CEDILLA
>D {vcd,dnt,frc}     U+00F0 LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH
>E {lmd,fnt,unr,vwl}   U+025B LATIN SMALL LETTER EPSILON
>F  -- Unused --
>G {vcd,uvl,stp}     U+0262 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G
>H {vls,phr,frc}     U+0127 LATIN SMALL LETTER H BAR
>I {smh,fnt,unr,vwl}   U+026A LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL I
>            U+0269 LATIN SMALL LETTER IOTA
>J {vcd,pal,stp}     U+025F LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J BAR
>K  -- Unused --
>L {vcd,vel,lat}   ?? U+026B LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE TILDE
>            U+029F LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL L
> {vls,alv,lat,frc} ?? U+026C LATIN SMALL LETTER L BELT
>M {lbd,nas}  U+0271 LATIN SMALL LETTER M HOOK
>N {vel,nas}       U+014B LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG
>O {lmd,bck,rnd,vwl}   U+0254 LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O
>P {vls,blb,frc}     U+03A6 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI
>Q {vcd,vel,frc}     U+0263 LATIN SMALL LETTER GAMMA
>R {mid,cnt,rzd,vwl} ?? U+025A LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA HOOK
> {alv,trl}     ?? U+0280 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R
>S {vls,pla,frc}     U+0283 LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH
>T {vls,dnt,frc}     U+03B8 GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA
>U {smh,bck,rnd,vwl}   U+028A LATIN SMALL LETTER UPSILON
>            U+0277 LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED OMEGA
>V {lmd,bck,unr,vwl}   U+028C LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED V
>W {lmd,fnt,rnd,vwl} ?? U+0153 LATIN SMALL LETTER O E
>X {vls,uvl,frc}     U+03C7 GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI
>Y {umd,fnt,rnd,vwl} ?? U+00F8 LATIN SMALL LETTER O SLASH
> {lmd,fnt,rnd,vwl} ?? U+0153 LATIN SMALL LETTER O E
>Z {vcd,pla,frc}     U+0292 LATIN SMALL LETTER YOGH
>
>? {glt,stp}       U+0294 LATIN SMALL LETTER GLOTTAL STOP
>[AT SYMBOL GOES HERE] {mid,cnt,unr,vwl}   U+0259 LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA
>& {low,fnt,unr,vwl}   U+00E6 LATIN SMALL LETTER A E
>* {vcd,alv,flp}     U+027E LATIN SMALL LETTER FISHHOOK R
>%  -- Ad Hoc Segment --
>$  -- Ad Hoc Segment --
>
>Appendix C. Diacritics
>-----------------------
>
>~ Vowels: {nzd}     U+0303 NON-SPACING TILDE
> Consonants: {vzd}   U+0334 NON-SPACING TILDE OVERLAY
>: {lng}         U+02D0 MODIFIER LETTER TRIANGULAR COLON
>- Vowels: {unr}      -- No equivalent --
> Consonants: {syl}   U+0329 NON-SPACING VERTICAL LINE BELOW
>! {clk}          -- No equivalent --
>. Vowels: {rnd}      -- No equivalent --
> Consonants: {rfx}   U+0322 NON-SPACING RETROFLEX HOOK BELOW
>            U+0323 NON-SPACING DOT BELOW
>` Voicless: {ejc}    U+02BC MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE
> Voiced: {imp}      -- No equivalent --
>[ {dnt}         U+032A NON-SPACING BRIDGE BELOW
>; {pzd}         U+02B2 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL J
>            U+0321 NON-SPACING PALATALIZED HOOK BELOW
>" Vowels: {cnt}      -- No equivalent --
> Consonants: {uvl}    -- No equivalent --
>^ {pal}          -- No equivalent --
>+  -- Add Hoc Diacritic --
>=  -- Add Hoc Diacritic --
><H> {fzd}        U+0334 NON-SPACING TILDE OVERLAY
><h> {asp}        U+02B0 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL H
><o> {unx}      ?? U+02DA SPACING RING ABOVE
>  {vls}      ?? U+0325 NON-SPACING RING BELOW
><r> {rzd}        U+02B3 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL R
><w> {lzd}        U+02B7 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL W
>            U+032B NON-SPACING INVERTED DOUBLE ARCH BELOW
><?> {mrm}        U+02B1 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL H HOOK
>            U+0324 NON-SPACING DOUBLE DOT BELOW
>
>Appendix D. Segment Table
>--------------------------
>
>   blb-- -lbd-- --dnt-- --alv-- -rfx- -pla-- --pal--- --vel-- -----uvl-----
>
>nas  m   M    n[   n   n.      n^   N      n"
>stp p b       t[ d[  t d  t. d.    c  J   k g   q  G
>frc F V  f v  T D   s z  s. z. S Z  C C<vcd> x Q   X  g"
>apr    r<lbd>   r[   r   r.      j    j<vel>   g"
>lat          l[   l   l.      l^   L
>trl b<trl>        r<trl>                   r"
>flp              *   *.
>ejc p`      t[`   t`         c`    k'
>imp  b`       d`   d`          J`   g`   q`  G`
>clk p!      t!    c!          c!   k!
>
>
>   ---- lbv ----  --phr-- ---glt---
>
>nas     n<lbv>                alv lat frc: s<lat> z<lat>
>stp t<lbv> d<lbv>       ?          lat flp: *<lat>
>frc w<vls>  w   H H<vcd>  h<?>         lat clk: l!
>apr      w         h
>
>
>  ----- unr -----   unr   ----- rnd -----
>  fnt  cnt  bck   cnt   fnt  cnt  bck
>            rzd
>hgh i   i"  u-       y   u"  u
>smh I              I.     U
>umd e  [AT SYMBOL GOES HERE]<umd> o-  R<umd>  Y      o
>mid    [AT SYMBOL GOES HERE]       R       [AT SYMBOL GOES HERE].
>lmd E   V"  V        W   O"  O
>low &   a   A        &.  a.  A.
>
>
>Appendix E. Segment List
>-------------------------
>
>Where a segment requires more than one character to represent, and
>there is a single IPA character, the Unicode code and name is noted.
>If I couldn't find an IPA symbol for a segment, I left it out.
>
>{blb,nas}    /m/
>{vls,blb,stp}  /p/
>{vcd,blb,stp}  /b/
>{vls,blb,frc}  /F/
>{vcd,blb,frc}  /V/
>{blb,trl}    /b<trl>/ U+0299 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL B
>{blb,imp}    /b`/   U+0253 LATIN SMALL LETTER B HOOK
>{blb,ejc}    /p`/
>{blb,clk}    /p!/   U+0298 LATIN LETTER BULSEYE
>
>{lbd,nas}    /M/
>{vls,lbd,frc}  /f/
>{vcd,lbd,frc}  /v/
>{lbd,apr}    /r<lbd>/ U+028B LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT V
>
>{dnt,nas}    /n[/
>{vls,dnt,stp}  /t[/
>{vcd,dnt,stp}  /d[/
>{vls,dnt,frc}  /T/
>{vcd,dnt,frc}  /D/
>{dnt,apr}    /r[/
>{dnt,lat}    /l[/
>{dnt,imp}    /d`/ (same as {alv,imp})
>{dnt,ejc}    /t[`/
>{dnt,clk}    /t!/   U+0287 LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T
>         (by rights this should be alveolar, but the alveolar
>          and palatal clicks use the same symbol (/c!/))
>
>{alv,nas}    /n/
>{vls,alv,stp}  /t/
>{vcd,alv,stp}  /d/
>{vls,alv,frc}  /s/
>{vcd,alv,frc}  /z/
>{alv,apr}    /r/
>{alv,lat}    /l/
>{alv,trl}    /r<trl>/ U+0072 LATIN SMALL LETTER R
>        (perhaps /R/)
>{alv,flp}    /*/
>{vls,alv,lat,frc} /s<lat>/ U+026C LAIN SMALL LETTER L BELT
>{vcd,alv,lat,frc} /z<lat>/ U+026E LATIN SMALL LETTER L YOGH
>{alv,imp}    /d`/   U+0257 LATIN SMALL LETTER D HOOK
>{alv,ejc}    /t`/
>{alv,clk}    /c!/ (same as {pal,clk})
>
>{rfx,nas}    /n./   U+0273 LATIN SMALL LETTER N RETROFLEX HOOK
>{vls,rfx,stp}  /t./   U+0288 LATIN SMALL LETTER T RETROFLEX HOOK
>{vcd,rfx,stp}  /d./   U+0256 LATIN SMALL LETTER D RETROFLEX HOOK
>{vls,rfx,frc}  /s./   U+0282 LATIN SMALL LETTER S HOOK
>{vcd,rfx,frc}  /z./   U+0290 LATIN SMALL LETTER Z RETROFLEX HOOK
>{rfx,apr}    /r./   U+027B LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R HOOK
>{rfx,lat}    /l./   U+026D LATIN SMALL LETTER L RETROFLEX HOOK
>{rfx,flp}    /*./   U+027D LATIN SMALL LETTER R HOOK
>
>{vls,pla,frc}  /S/
>{vcd,pla,frc}  /Z/
>
>{pal,nas}    /n^/
>{vls,pal,stp}  /c/
>{vcd,pal,stp}  /J/
>{vls,pal,frc}  /C/
>{vcd,pal,frc}  /C<vcd>/ U+029D LATIN SMALL LETTER CROSSED-TAIL J
>        (perhaps /j/ (same as {pal,apr}))
>
>{pal,apr}    /j/
>{rnd,pal,apr}  /j<rnd>/ U+0265 LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H
>{pal,lat}    /l^/   U+028E LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED Y
>{pal,imp}    /J`/   U+0284 LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J BAR HOOK
>{pal,clk}    /c!/   U+0297 LATIN LETTER STRETCHED C
>
>{vel,nas}    /N/
>{vls,vel,stp}  /k/
>{vcd,vel,stp}  /g/
>{vls,vel,frc}  /x/
>{vcd,vel,frc}  /Q/
>{vel,apr}    /j<vel>/ U+0270 LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED M WITH LONG
>                 LEG
>{vel,lat}    /L/
>{vel,imp}    /g`/   U+0260 LATIN SMALL LETTER G HOOK
>{vel,ejc}    /k'/
>{vel,clk}    /k!/   U+029E LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K
>
>{lbv,nas}    /n<lbv>/ Written as "ng" with tie above
>{vls,lbv,stp}  /t<lbv>/ Written as "kp" with tie above
>{vcd,lbv,stp}  /d<lbv>/ Written as "gb" with tie above
>{vls,lbv,frc}  /w<vls>/ U+028D LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED W
>{vcd,lbv,frc}  /w/ (same as {lbv,apr})
>{lbv,apr}    /w/
>
>{uvl,nas}    /n"/   U+0274 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL N
>{vls,uvl,stp}  /q/
>{vcd,uvl,stp}  /G/
>{vls,uvl,frc}  /X/    U+03C7 GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI
>{vcd,uvl,frc}  /g"/ (same as {uvl,apr})
>{uvl,apr}    /g"/   U+0281 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL INVERTED R
>{uvl,trl}    /r"/   U+0280 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R
>{vls,uvl,imp}  /q`/   U+02A0 LATIN SMALL LETTER Q HOOK
>{vcd,uvl,imp}  /G`/   U+029B LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G HOOK
>
>{vls,phr,frc}  /H/
>{vcd,phr,frc}  /H<vcd>/ U+0295 LATIN LETTER REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP
>
>{glt,stp}    /?/
>{glt,apr}    /h/
>{mrm,glt,frc}  /h<?>/  U+0266 LATIN SMALL LETTER H HOOK
>
>{vcd,lat,flp}  /*<lat>/ U+027A LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R WITH LONG
>                 LEG
>{lat,clk}    /l!/   U+0296 LATIN LETTER INVERTED GLOTTAL STOP
>
>{hgh,fnt,unr,vwl} /i/
>{hgh,fnt,rnd,vwl} /y/
>{smh,fnt,unr,vwl} /I/
>{smh,fnt,rnd,vwl} /I./  U+028F LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL Y
>{umd,fnt,unr,vwl} /e/
>{umd,fnt,rnd,vwl} /Y/
>{lmd,fnt,unr,vwl} /E/
>{lmd,fnt,rnd,vwl} /W/
>{low,fnt,unr,vwl} /&/
>{low,fnt,rnd,vwl} /&./  U+0276 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL O E
>
>{hgh,cnt,unr,vwl} /i"/  U+0268 LATIN SMALL LETTER BARRED I
>{hgh,cnt,rnd,vwl} /u"/  U+0289 LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR
>{umd,cnt,unr,vwl} /[AT SYMBOL GOES HERE]<umd>/ U+0258 LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED E
>{umd,cnt,unr,rzd,vwl} /R<umd>/ U+025D LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED EPSILON
>                   HOOK
>{mid,cnt,unr,vwl} /[AT SYMBOL GOES HERE]/
>{mid,cnt,unr,rzd,vwl} /R/
>{mid,cnt,rnd,vwl} /[AT SYMBOL GOES HERE]./  U+0275 LATIN SMALL LETTER BARRED O
>{lmd,cnt,unr,vwl} /V"/  U+025C LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED EPSILON
>{lmd,cnt,rnd,vwl} /O"/  U+025E LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED REVERSED
>                 EPSILON
>{low,cnt,unr,vwl} /a/   U+0061 LATIN SMALL LETTER A
>
>{hgh,bck,unr,vwl} /u-/  U+026F LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED M
>{hgh,bck,rnd,vwl} /u/
>{umd,bck,unr,vwl} /o-/  U+0264 LATIN SMALL LETTER BABY GAMMA
>{umd,bck,rnd,vwl} /o/
>{lmd,bck,unr,vwl} /V/
>{lmd,bck,rnd,vwl} /O/
>{low,bck,unr,vwl} /A/
>{low,bck,rnd,vwl} /A./  U+0252 LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED SCRIPT A
>
>Appendix F. ASCII Table
>------------------------
>In the following table, the following abbreviations are used:
>    P: punctuation
>    S: segment
>    D: diacritic
>   <D>: diacritic that must be delimited
>
>
>sp P: Separate words and segments Q S: {vcd,vel,frc}
>! D: {clk}            R S: {mid,cnt,rzd,vwl}
>" D Vowel: {cnt}         S S: {vls,pla,frc}
>   Cons: {uvl}         T S: {vls,dnt,frc}
># Unused             U S: {smh,bck,rnd,vwl}
>$ S: Ad Hoc           V S: {lmd,bck,unr,vwl}
>% S: Ad Hoc           W S: {lmd,fnt,rnd,vwl}
>& S: {low,fnt,unr,vwl}      X S: {vls,uvl,frc}
>' P: Primary stress       Y S: {umd,fnt,rnd,vwl}
>( Unused             Z S: {vcd,pla,frc}
>) Unused             [ P: Phonetic delimiter
>* S: {vcd,lav,flp}         D: {dnt}
>+ D: Ad Hoc           \ Unused
>, P: Secondary stress      ] P: Phonetic delimiter
>- D: Vowel: {unr}        ^ D: {pal}
>   Cons: {syl}        _ Unused
>. D: Vowel: {rnd}        ` D Voiced: {imp}
>   Cons: {rfx}           Voiceless: {ejc}
>/ P: Phonemic delimiter     a S: {low,cnt,unr,vwl}
>0 Unused             b S: {vcd,blb,stp}
>1 P: Tone 1           c S: {vls,pal,stp}
>2 P: Tone 2           d S: {vcd,alv,stp}
>3 P: Tone 3           e S: {umd,fnt,urd,vwl}
>4 P: Tone 4           f S: {vls,lbd,frc}
>5 Unused             g S: {vcd,vel,stp}
>6 Unused             h S: {glt,apr}
>7 Unused              <D>: {asp}
>8 Unused             i S: {hgh,fnt,unr,vwl}
>9 Unused             j S: {pal,apr}/{vcd,pal,frc}
>: D: {lng}             <D>: {pzd}
>; D: {pzd}            k S: {vls,vel,stp}
>< P: Diacritic delimiter     l S: {vcd,alv,lat}
>= D: Ad Hoc           m S: {blb,nas}
>> P: Diacritic delimiter     n S: {alv,nas}
>? S: {glt,stp}          o S: {umd,bck,rnd,vwl}
>  <D>: {mrm}
>[AT SYMBOL GOES HERE] S: {mid,cnt,unr,vwl}       <D>: {unx}
>A S: {low,bck,unr,vwl}      p S: {vls,blb,stp}
>B S: {vcd,blb,frc}        q S: {vls,uvl,stp}
>C S: {vls,pal,frc}        r S: {alv,apr}
>D S: {vcd,dnt,frc}         <D>: {rzd}
>E S: {lmd,fnt,unr,vwl}      s S: {vls,alv,frc}
>F Unused             t S: {vls,alv,stp}
>G S: {vcd,uvl,stp}        u S: {hgh,bck,rnd,vwl}
>H S: {vls,phr,frc}        v S: {vcd,lbd,frc}
>  <D>: {fzd}           w S: {lbv,apr}/{vcd,lbv,frc}
>I S: {smh,fnt,unr,vwl}       <D>: {lzd}
>J S: {vcd,pal,stp}        x S: {vls,vel,frc}
>K Unused             y S: {hgh,fnt,rnd,vwl}
>L S: {vcd,vel,lat}        z S: {vcd,alv,frc}
>M S: {lbd,nas}          { P: Feature set delimiter
>N S: {vel,nas}          | Unused
>O S: {lmd,bck,rnd,vwl}      } P: Feature set delimiter
>P S: {vls,blb,frc}        ~ D: Cons: {vzd}
>                    Vowel: {nzd}
>

--
Georgy
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