CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX TO AMERICAN SPEECH TENTATIVE CONTENTS (Classified Subject Descriptors) (Including those used in vols. 44-56) FIRST-LEVEL SUBJECT HEADS 1. General 2. Phonology 3. Orthography 4. Lexis 5. Grammar 6. Semantics 7. Diachronic variation 8. Synchronic variation 9. American regional varieties 10. Other languages SECOND-LEVEL SUBJECT HEADS 1. General 1.1. Bibliography 1.2. Surveys and textbooks 1.3. History of linguistics 1.4. Literature 1.5. Theoretical linguistics 1.6. Experimental linguistics 1.7. Applied linguistics 1.8. Pedagogy 1.9. Artificial languages 1.10. Linguistics and other disciplines 1.11. Paralanguage 1.12. Data bases and access methods 2. Phonology 2.1. Channels of language 2.2. Phonetics 2.3. Phonemics 2.4. Pronunciation 2.5. Prosodies 3. Orthography 4. Lexis 4.1. Individual items (alphabetically) 4.2. Terminologies (by subject or register) 4.3. Slang 4.4. Etymology 4.5. Word formation 4.6. Loanwords 4.7. Names 4.8. Idioms 4.9. Collocation 4.10. Lexicostatistics 4.11. Lexicography 5. Grammar 5.1. General 5.2. Parts of Speech 5.3. Phrases 5.4. Clauses 5.5. Concord 5.6. Negation 5.7. Number 5.8. Person 5.9. Word order 5.10. Transformations 6. Semantics 6.1. Content analysis 6.2. Connotation 6.3. Euphemism, taboo terms 6.4. Derogation 6.5. Encomium 6.6. Sexual reference 6.7. Semantic change 6.8. Figurative language 6.9. Proverbs 6.10. Puns, humor 6.11. Semiotics 7. Diachronic variation 7.1. Methods of study 7.2. Innovation and obsolescence 7.3. History of English 7.4. History of other languages 8. Synchronic variation 8.1. Dialectology (study of synchronic variation) 8.2. Geographic variation (= regional variation) 8.3. Social variation 8.4. Usage 8.5. Stylistic variation 8.6. Registers, occupational variation 8.7. Age variation 8.8. Sexual variation 8.9. Literary dialect 9. American regional varieties 9.1. Major dialect areas 9.2. Gulf states 9.3. South Atlantic states 9.4. Appalachian states 9.5. Middle Atlantic states 9.6. New England states 9.7. North Central states, Great Lakes region 9.8. Upper Midwest states 9.9. South Central states 9.10. Rocky Mountain states 9.11. Northwestern states 9.12. Southwestern states 9.13. Hawaii 9.14. Alaska 9.15. Puerto Rico l0. Other languages 10.1. Indo-European 10.2. Finno-Ugric 10.3. Semitic 10.4. African languages 10.5. Amerindian languages 10.6. Far Eastern languages 10.7. Malayo-Polynesian languages 10.8. Other languages ALL-LEVEL SUBJECT HEADS (Low-level subject heads are incomplete and subject to revision) 1. General 1.1. Bibliography 1.1.1. Of bibliographies 1.1.2. General and historical studies 1.1.2.1. Periodicals 1.1.2.2. Studies in other languages 1.1.2.3. Department of general and historical studies 1.1.3. Present-day English 1.1.3.1. Art of speaking and writing 1.1.3.2. Folklore and folk songs 1.1.3.3. Dialect studies 1.1.3.4. Usage 1.1.3.5. The study of names 1.1.3.6. Lexicography and lexicology 1.1.3.7. Department of present-day English 1.1.4. Phonetics 1.1.5. Paralanguage 1.1.6. Miscellaneous 1.2. Surveys and textbooks 1.2.1. Historical linguistics 1.2.2. Collections 1.3. History of linguistics 1.3.1. Biographies, obituaries, contributors' notes Adler, Betty Bender, Harold H. Cassidy, Frederic G. Chomsky, Noam Crabb, George Dobbie, Elliott V. K. Fisher, Jonathan Gove, Philip Babcock Halle, Morris Hubbell, Allan F. Jones, Sir William Lee, Donald W. Malone, Kemp Marckwardt, Albert H. Mencken, H. L. MÅller, F. Max Murray, James A. H. Orton, Harold Sheridan, Thomas Thomas, Charles K. Van Riper, William Robert Webster, Noah Whitney, William Dwight 1.3.2. Modern Language Association, Present- Day English Group 1.3.3. History of American Speech 1.4. Literature 1.4.1. Songs and ballads 1.4.2. Poems 1.4.3. Poetics 1.4.4. Authors Browning, Robert Cable, George Washington Caen, Herb Clemens, Samuel L. Crane, Stephen Faulkner, William Huxley, T. H. Lardner, Ring Melville, Herman Roosevelt, Theodore Smith, Charles Henry (Bill Arp) Smollett, Tobias Wasson, George Savary Wolfe, Thomas 1.4.5. Linguistics and literature Literary symbolism 1.5. Theoretical linguistics (= Linguistic theory) 1.5.1. General linguistics Competence and performance Definition of language Descriptive analysis, Descriptive linguistics Field of linguistics Generative power Implicational rules Markedness Origin of language Performance model Universals Variable rules 1.5.2. Schools of linguistics Case grammar Generative grammar Generative semantics London school Stratificational grammar Structuralism Tagmemics Text linguistics Transformational grammar Variation theory 1.6. Experimental linguistics Judgment tests Operational tests 1.7. Applied linguistics 1.8. Pedagogy 1.8.1. Oratory, Elocution 1.8.2. Speech correction 1.9. Artificial languages 1.10. Linguistics and other disciplines Brain and language Culture and language Folklife study Folklore Glossolalia Material culture Physiology and language Psycholinguistics Social history Sociolinguistics Statistics 1.11. Paralanguage Gestures Kinesics Rebel yell 1.12. Data bases and access methods Brown corpus Computers Computer-assisted literary research Popular Mechanics magazine 2. Phonology 2.1. Channels of language Writing and speech American Sign Language 2.2. Phonetics Phonetic sciences Phonetic script/transcription 2.3. Phonemics Distinctive features Generative phonology Morphophonemics Neutralization Phonemicization Phonological analysis Phonological processes Phonological taxonomy Phonological theory Phonological variants Phonotactics Sandhi Segmentation 2.4. Pronunciation /c// Diphthongization Ellipsis /h/, loss of Latin pronunciation /r/ Spelling pronunciation Vowels before /r/ /z// 2.3.1. Study of pronunciation 2.5. Prosodies Intonation Prosodic analysis Syllable deletion 3. Orthography Apostrophe Misspellings Palindromes Spelling Spelling reform 4. Lexis (= Words, Vocabulary) 4.1. Individual items (alphabetically) Word lists (= Glossaries) Word lists--index 4.2. Terminologies (by subject or register) Academic terms Aeronautic terms Age-group terms Animal terms Architectural terms Art terms Automotive terms Babershop-quartet terms Baseball terms Bicycle terms Billiards terms Biological terms Botanical terms CB terms Chess terms Clothing terms Commercial terms Computer terms Death terms Direction terms Ecological terms Electronic terms Ethnic terms Fashion terms Food terms Football terms Grammatical terms Hockey terms Housing terms Intelligence (low) terms Jazz terms Legal terms Linguistic terms Literary terms Medical terms Military terms Money terms Moonshinging terms Musical terms Narcotic terms Naval terms Newspaper terms Playground terms Police terms Political terms Pool terms Railroad terms Religious terms Restaurant terms Rustic terms Science-fiction terms Scientific and technical terms Sexual terms Snooker terms Social-group terms Space terms Sport terms Technical terms Toilet terms Truck-driving terms United States, terms for the Wrestling terms 4.3. Slang 4.3.1. General 4.3.2. College slang 4.3.3. Pre-college school slang 4.3.4. Regional slang 4.3.5. Double talk 4.3.6. Occupational jargon 4.3.7. Underworld argot 4.3.8. Military slang 4.3.9. Miscellaneous slang 4.4. Etymology 4.4.1. Neologisms New words Stunt words Trade names Vogue words, Voguish expressions/forms 4.4.2. False etymology Metanalysis 4.5. Word formation 4.5.1. General 4.5.2. Coined forms [Root creations] 4.5.3. Onomatopoeia, Phonesthemics (= Phonosymbolism), Sound Repetition 4.5.4. Functional shift (= Conversion [of part of speech]) 4.5.4.l Commonization 4.5.5. Reversed forms 4.5.6. Compounding Riming forms 4.5.7. Affixation 4.5.7.1. Prefixation 4.5.7.2. Suffixation 4.5.7.3. Infixation 4.5.8. Clipping 4.5.9. Backformation 4.5.10. Acronymy Initialisms 4.5.11. Blending 4.6. Loanwords Calques 4.6.1. Loans from other languages to English Africanisms 4.6.2. Loans from English to other languages 4.7. Names 4.7.1. Onomastics 4.7.2. Place names Place-name generics Nicknames 4.7.3. Personal names Hypocorisms 4.7.4. Other names Corporate names 4.8. Idioms Formulaic language, Formulas 4.9. Collocation 4.10. Lexicostatistics 4.11. Lexicography 4.11.1. History of lexicography Research Center for Lexicography 4.11.2. Dictionary entries 4.11.2.1. Ghost words 4.11.2.2. Definitions 4.11.2.3. Citations 4.11.2.4. Usage labels 4.11.3. Dictionaries American College Dictionary American Dialect Dictionary American Heritage Dictionary Barnhart Dictionary of New English since 1963 Century Dictionary Dictionary of Americanisms Dictionary of American Regional English Dictionary of Canadianisms Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage Dictionary of Jamaican English Dictionary of the English of England Early Modern English Dictionary Funk & Wagnalls New College Standard Dictionary Funk & Wagnalls Standard College Dictionary Larousse Illustrated Merriam-Webster dictionaries Middle English Dictionary Old English Dictionary Oxford English Dictionary Oxford English Dictionary Supplement Random House dictionaries Random House Dictionary 6,000 Words Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary Webster's New World Dictionary Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary Webster's Third World Book Dictionary 5. Grammar 5.1. General Grammaticality Grammatical constraints Grammatical features Grammatical systems Inflection Syntax, English syntax 5.2. Parts of speech 5.2.1. Verbs Ablaut Aspect, Progressive aspect Auxiliary verbs, Modal verbs, Multiple modals Causative verbs Copula, Zero copula Verb and particle, Origin of verb-particle combinations, Verb-particle unity Verb forms Tense 5.2.2. Nouns Collective nouns Derived nominals Genitives Gerundive nominals Mass and count nouns Noun plural, Plural nouns 5.2.3. Pronouns Antecedents Impersonal pronouns Relative pronouns 5.2.4. Adjectives Indefinite article 5.2.5. Adverbs Adpreps, Prepositional-adverbs Adverbials Expletive there Intensifiers, Intensification Locatives Sentence adverbs 5.2.6. Prepositions 5.2.7. Conjunctions 5.2.8. Interjections 5.3. Phrases Coordinate phrases Noun modifiers Verb phrases 5.4. Clauses Conditional clauses Questions, Indirect questions, Tag questions Relative clauses Sentence structure Subjects and objects Topics T-units 5.5. Concord Gender Negation Number Subject and verb 5.6. Negation 5.7. Number 5.8. Person 5.9. Word order Irregular word order Interposition, Tmesis 5.10. Transformations Deep structure Deletion Nominalization 6. Semantics 6.1. Content analysis Ambiguity Folk taxonomy Homonymy, Polysemy Synonymy, Antonymy Semantic features 6.2. Connotation Amelioration Pejoration 6.3. Euphemism, Taboo terms 6.4. Derogation Dysphemism Obscenity Profanity Swearing Vulgarisms 6.5. Encomium 6.6. Sexual reference Epicene forms, Sexually (un)marked forms Sexism 6.7. Semantic change Clang association Folk etymology Generalization Malapropisms Transferred meaning 6.8. Figurative language Hyperbole Merism Metaphor Pleonasm, Redundancy Synecdoche 6.9. Proverbs 6.10. Puns, Humor 6.11. Semiotics Animal communication 7. Diachronic variation (=Language change[--spread], Linguistic change; see also 4.4. Etymology, 4.5. Word formation, 4.6. Loanwords) 7.1. Methods of study Comparative linguistics Comparative syntax Historical linguistics Historical phonology Manuscript interpretation Philology 7.2. Innovation and Obsolescence 7.3. History of English 7.3.1. Old English 7.3.2. Middle English 7.3.3. Early Modern English Great Vowel Shift 7.3.4. History of American English Early American English American English, 1739-1850 7.3.5. History of Canadian English 7.4. History of other languages (see various languages under 10.) 8. Synchronic variation 8.1. Dialectology (Study of synchronic variation) Conferences Dialects Elicitation Field data analysis Field methods Fieldwork Isoglosses Methodology Questionnaires Sampling techniques Settlement history Textual study Variability, Variant forms, Variation Theory 8.2. Geographical variation (= Regional variation) 8.2.1. Linguistic geography 8.2.1.1. General Dialect boundaries Dialect continuum 8.2.1.2. Atlases 8.2.1.2.1. British Survey of English Dialects Linguistic Atlas of England 8.2.1.2.2. American Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada Linguistic Atlas of New England Linguistic Atlas of the Upper Midwest Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States Linguistic Atlas of the North Central States 8.2.1.3. Other projects American Language Institute 8.2.1.4. Word geography 8.2.2. National varieties, National standards 8.2.2.1. American English Americanisms American language (See also 9. American regional varieties) 8.2.2.2. British English, England Briticisms 8.2.2.3. British and American English compared 8.2.2.4. Irish English, Ireland 8.2.2.5. Scottish, Scotland 8.2.2.6. Canadian 8.2.2.6.1. Newfoundland and Labrador 8.2.2.7. Caribbean 8.2.2.7.1. Jamaica 8.2.2.8. Australian and New Zealand 8.2.2.9. India 8.2.2.10. Liberia 8.2.3. World English 8.2.4. Language and dialect contact (See also 10. Other languages) 8.2.4.1. Cultural interference Broken English English-German contact Germanisms Fake Latin 8.2.4.2. Bilingualism and bidialectalism 8.2.4.3. Creoles, Pidgins Creolists Caribbean creoles 8.2.4.4. Immigrant languages Non-English dialects in the United States Pennsylvania German 8.3. Social variation 8.3.1. Class variation Folk speech 8.3.2. Educational variation 8.3.3. Ethnic variation, Racial variation 8.3.3.l. Black English Creole hypothesis Gullah 8.3.4. Subcultures 8.3.5. Urban variation/language 8.4. Usage 8.4.1. Specific uses, Usage notes 8.4.2. Standards, Standard English, Edited English 8.4.3. Divided usage, Usage levels 8.4.4. Attitudes Attitudes toward dialect Lay linguistics Surveys of opinion 8.4.5. Blunders 8.4.6. Analogy, Analogical forms 8.4.7. Hypercorrection 8.5. Stylistic variation, Stylistics 8.5.1. Colloquial style Intimacy signals 8.6. Registers, Occupational variation Advertising language Argot Graffiti Headlinese Journalistic prose Menus Music register, Rock music Religious groups Time magazine 8.7. Age variation Children's language 8.8. Sexual variation 8.9. Literary dialect 8.9.1. Eye dialect 9. American regional varieties 9.1. Major dialect areas Midland North Midland South Midland Northern Southern 9.2. Gulf states 9.2.1. Florida 9.2.2. Georgia 9.2.3. Alabama 9.2.4. Mississippi 9.2.5. Louisiana 9.3. South Atlantic states 9.3.1. South Carolina 9.3.2. North Carolina 9.3.3. Virginia 9.3.4. Delvarva 9.3.5. Maryland 9.4. Appalachian states 9.4.1. West Virginia 9.4.2. Kentucky 9.4.3. Tennessee 9.5. Middle Atlantic states 9.5.1. New York 9.5.1.1. New York City 9.5.2. Pennsylvania 9.5.2.1. Pennsylvania Dutch English 9.5.3. New Jersey 9.6. New England states 9.6.1. Massachusetts 9.6.1.1. Boston 9.6.1.2. Martha's Vineyard 9.6.2. New Hampshire 9.6.3. Maine 9.7. North Central states, Great Lakes region 9.7.1. Ohio 9.7.2. Indiana 9.7.3. Illinois 9.7.3.1. Chicago 9.7.4. Michigan 9.7.5. Wisconsin 9.8. Upper Midwest states (including Dakotas) 9.8.1. Minnesota 9.8.2. Iowa 9.8.3. Nebraska 9.9. South Central states 9.9.1. Missouri 9.9.2. Arkansas 9.9.3. Ozark region 9.9.4. Kansas 9.9.5. Texas 9.10. Rocky Mountain states (including Montana, Utah, Ariz., N.M.) 9.10.1. Colorado 9.10.2. Wyoming 9.10.3. Idaho 9.11. Northwestern states 9.11.1. Oregon 9.11.2. Washington 9.12. Southwestern states 9.12.1. California 9.12.1.1. San Francisco 9.12.2. Nevada 9.13. Hawaii 9.14. Alaska 9.l5. Puerto Rico 10. Other languages 10.1 Indo-European 10.1.1. Germanic Belgium, Flemish Dutch German Scandinavian History of Scandinavian languages Swiss Yiddish 10.1.2. Romance France, French Italian Latin Portuguese Spanish 10.1.3. Slavic Czech Polish 10.1.4. Celtic Gaelic Irish Welsh 10.2. Finno-Ugric Estonian Finnish 10.3. Semitic Arabic Hebrew 10.4. African languages Bantu Efik 10.5. Amerindian languages Chinook jargon Malecite 10.6. Far Eastern languages Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese 10.7. Malayo-Polynesian languages Hawaiian 10.8. Other languages Papiamentu .